Superimposed on the genetic sequences coding for amino acids is a second genetic code. This second genetic code, which makes use of dual-use codons, or duons, specifies how genes are controlled. The ...

Identifying functional effects of noncoding variants is a major challenge in human genetics. To predict the noncoding-variant effects de novo from sequence, we ...

Scientists have long thought of DNA as an instruction manual written in the four- chemical bases—A, C, T, and G—that make up the genetic code. The prevailing belief was that by decoding these ...

RNA vaccines are a new class of vaccines that are composed of an mRNA sequence coding for a pathogen-specific protein (antigen). Once expressed in the body, the target antigen is recognized by the ...

Henry M. Kronenberg, Barbara E. McDevitt, Joseph A. Majzoub, Jeremy Nathans, Phillip A. Sharp, John T. Potts and Alexander Rich Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of ...