This is the last in a series of three papers on the history of the Lenz-Ising model from 1920 to the early 1970s. In the first paper, I studied the invention of the model in the 1920s, while in the ...

Theoretical physicists develop mathematical models to describe material systems, which they can then use to make predictions about how materials will behave. One of the most important models is the ...

These models differ by the constrains given to the orientation of the electron's spins (arrows). If all spins are aligned in one direction, the material becomes a ferromagnet. Below the magnetic ...

This is the second in a series of three papers that charts the history of the Lenz-Ising model (commonly called just the Ising model in the physics literature) in considerable detail, from its ...

Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest sci-tech news updates. Theoretical physicists develop mathematical models to describe material systems, which they can then use to make predictions about how ...