The authors examined how different reading and language arts assignments influenced 3rd-grade students' motivational goals, strategy use, and achievement affect, that is, anxiety and self-concept.
The Journal of Experimental Education, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Spring, 1993), pp. 257-267 (11 pages) In Experiment 1, college undergraduates were given three tests measuring state, trait, and text anxiety.
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